Pigments and Inks Applied in Juan Vespucci’s Portolan Chart (1520)
نویسندگان
چکیده
Not many manuscript maps have been the object of material analysis so far. A portolan chart, signed and dated by Juan Vespucci in 1520, was studied this research, conserved at Archivo General de Indias Seville (Spain). It is made on parchment depicts coasts islands Europe Africa. oldest chart Seville, being unusual applying hand stamp for decorative figures. The map analysed different non-invasive techniques: infra-red ultraviolet light, digital microscope X-ray fluorescence (XRF). main goals study were to identify materials used, as well detect retouching or restoration work. Results showed that entire first covered with a white layer lead (Pb), calcite gypsum (Ca). principal pigments used vermilion (Hg), yellow ochre (Fe), azurite (Cu) copper-based green pigment carbon black. letters probably written an iron-gall ink (Fe, Cu). Very thin golden leaves applied mixtion glue gilded wind roses. Several retouches from 19th/20th centuries found using zinc titanium whites cobalt blue.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Colorants
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2079-6447']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants1040026